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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Sfrp4 expression in thyroxine treated calvarial cells.

Emily L Durham1, Zachary J Grey2, Laurel Black3

  • 1Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Life Sciences
|November 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone increases Sfrp4 expression in craniofacial cells, potentially blocking bone development. SFRP4 may be a therapeutic target for hyperostotic disorders.

Keywords:
EMSAOsteogenesisProteinSfrp4ThyroxinemRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for bone development, with known targets including the Htra1/Igf1 pathway.
  • Recent findings suggest TH may also influence the WNT pathway, specifically upregulating the antagonist Sfrp4.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if TH directly drives increased Sfrp4 expression in craniofacial development-relevant cells.
  • To model the interaction between TH and Sfrp4 in vitro.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized primary and isotype cell lines for in vitro modeling.
  • Employed transcriptional profiling (Affymetrix), bioinformatics, protein, and functional analyses.
  • Investigated SFRP4 promoter activity and thyroid hormone receptor binding.

Main Results:

  • Thyroxine (TH) induced Sfrp4 overexpression in primary cranial suture-derived cells and murine calvarial pre-osteoblasts.
  • Identified putative thyroid hormone receptor binding sites in the SFRP4 promoter.
  • Demonstrated that TH treatment increased Sfrp4 mRNA and protein levels, with uncoupled expression.
  • Showed pre-osteoblasts exhibit increased alkaline phosphatase activity upon TH stimulation.
  • Recombinant SFRP4 addition reduced alkaline phosphatase activity in TH-treated pre-osteoblasts.

Conclusions:

  • SFRP4 acts as a key regulator, potentially inhibiting TH-driven osteogenesis.
  • These findings suggest SFRP4 as a potential diagnostic or therapeutic target for hyperostotic craniofacial disorders.