High temperature methane emissions from Large Igneous Provinces as contributors to late Permian mass extinctions

Methane (CH₄) emissions induced by Large Igneous Provinces have the potential to contribute to global environmental changes that triggered mass extinctions in Earth's history. Here, we explore the source of methane in gas samples from central Sichuan Basin, which is within the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). We report evidence of high methane formation temperatures (between 249^-17/+19 and 256^-20/+22 °C) from clumped methane measurements and mantle-derived signatures of noble gases, which verify that oil-cracked CH₄ and pyrobitumen are by-products within the reservoirs, associated with hydrothermal activity and enhanced heating by the ELIP. We estimate the volume of oil-cracked CH₄ induced by the ELIP and argue that CH₄ emissions would have been sufficient to initiate global warming prior to the end of the Permian. We also suggest that similar emissions from oil-cracked CH₄ associated with the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province may also have contributed to the end-Permian mass extinction significantly.