Graphene oxide internalization into mammalian cells - a review

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Nanotechnology
• Cell Biology

Background:

• Graphene oxide (GO) offers a high surface area and facile functionalization, making it a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications.
• GO can function as a versatile platform for bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, and photothermal/photodynamic therapies.
• Successful clinical translation of GO-based diagnostics and therapeutics necessitates a thorough understanding of its cellular uptake mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding graphene oxide cellular internalization pathways.
• To discuss the critical factors influencing graphene oxide uptake, including nanomaterial dimensions, surface modifications, and cellular characteristics.
• To identify existing challenges and future research directions in understanding graphene oxide cellular uptake.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of published studies on graphene oxide cellular uptake.
• Analysis of factors affecting graphene oxide internalization, such as lateral dimensions, surface chemistry, and cell type.
• Discussion of biotransformation effects on graphene oxide cellular entry.

Main Results:

• Graphene oxide cellular uptake is influenced by its lateral dimensions, surface modifications, and biotransformation.
• The specific cell type plays a significant role in determining the efficiency and mechanisms of graphene oxide internalization.
• Various endocytic pathways are involved in graphene oxide uptake, depending on the aforementioned factors.

Conclusions:

• Significant progress has been made in elucidating graphene oxide internalization pathways.
• Further research is required to overcome current challenges and fully understand the complex interactions between graphene oxide and mammalian cells.
• A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate the optimized design and application of graphene oxide in nanomedicine.