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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
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The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
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Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 22, 2025

Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae
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Isolation of Primary Human Decidual Cells from the Fetal Membranes of Term Placentae

Published on: April 30, 2018

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Clinical aspects of decidualization

Vilmos Fülöp1,2,3, Kornél Lakatos2,3, János Demeter1

  • 11 Magyar Honvédség Egészségügyi Központ, Szülészet-nőgyógyászati Osztály Budapest Magyarország.

Orvosi Hetilap
|November 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Decidualization, a key process for conception and pregnancy, involves endometrial transformation and immune communication. Dysfunctional decidualization underlies pregnancy complications like miscarriage and preeclampsia.

Keywords:
anyai-magzati immuntoleranciadecidualizationdecidualizációfetal programingfetal-maternal immune toleranceinfertilityinfertilitásmagzati programozástrophoblast invasiontrophoblastinvázió

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and immunology
  • Obstetrics and gynecology

Background:

  • Decidualization is crucial for successful pregnancy, involving endometrial transformation and immune adaptation.
  • Trophoblast invasion and maternal-fetal immune communication are vital for placental formation.
  • Disruptions in decidualization lead to obstetric complications such as recurrent miscarriage and preeclampsia.

Approach:

  • Review of anatomical, immunological, and molecular aspects of physiological decidualization.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms underlying trophoblast invasion and maternal-fetal immune interactions.
  • Examination of how dysfunctional decidualization contributes to pregnancy disorders.

Key Points:

  • Decidualization encompasses structural and functional changes in the endometrium, spiral arterioles, and leukocytes.
  • Embryonic trophoblast cells perform physiological invasion for placental development, relying on unique antigenicity and immune signaling.
  • Successful pregnancy depends on intricate immune communication between the fetus (graft) and mother (host).

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the basis of decidualization is essential for addressing pregnancy complications.
  • Dysfunctional decidualization is implicated in recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth.
  • This review provides insights into the anatomical, immunological, and molecular factors of decidualization relevant to clinical obstetrics.