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Hypertensive Conditions: Hypertension in Children and Adolescents.
Emily T Goodwin1, Cecilia M Kipnis1, Patrick L Daly2
1Naval Hospital Jacksonville Family Medicine Residency, 2080 Child St, Jacksonville, FL 32214.
FP Essentials
|November 14, 2022
Summary
Pediatric hypertension, including elevated blood pressure, is rising, especially in girls. Lifestyle changes are recommended for all children with high blood pressure, with medication considered for severe cases.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Nephrology
- Cardiovascular Health in Children
- Public Health
Background:
- Pediatric hypertension (HTN) prevalence has significantly increased over 20 years, notably in girls.
- Primary HTN is the leading cause in U.S. adolescents, while secondary HTN is more common in younger children.
- Screening for HTN in asymptomatic children remains a debated topic.
Purpose of the Study:
- To summarize the current understanding of pediatric hypertension.
- To highlight trends in prevalence and causes.
- To discuss screening, diagnosis, and management strategies.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on pediatric hypertension.
- Analysis of prevalence trends and etiological factors.
- Discussion of diagnostic tools like ambulatory BP monitoring.
- Consideration of treatment modalities including lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy.
Main Results:
- Elevated blood pressure and HTN are increasing in children and adolescents.
- Primary HTN dominates in adolescents; secondary HTN is more prevalent in younger children.
- Ambulatory BP monitoring is advised for elevated office readings.
- Lifestyle modifications are recommended for all children above the 90th percentile BP.
Conclusions:
- Persistent or severe pediatric hypertension may necessitate pharmacotherapy.
- Early detection and intervention are crucial for managing pediatric HTN.
- Further research into screening controversies and optimal management is warranted.
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