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Food odor perception promotes systemic lipid utilization.

Hiroshi Tsuneki1, Masanori Sugiyama2, Toshihiro Ito3

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Food odors during fasting activate lipid metabolism through olfactory memory, influencing the nervous system. This smell-induced metabolic adaptation aids in managing energy balance and preventing insulin resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Olfactory System Function

Background:

  • Food cues trigger conditioning to anticipate food intake during fasting.
  • The role of the olfactory system in metabolic adaptations remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the involvement of the olfactory system in metabolic adaptations.
  • To determine if food-odor perception influences lipid metabolism during fasting.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments conducted on male mice involving food-odor stimulation during fasting and refeeding.
  • Analysis of serum free fatty acids, adipose tissue lipolysis, and central nervous system pathways (melanocortin and sympathetic).
  • Assessment of whole-body lipid utilization, gastrointestinal lipid absorption, hepatic cholesterol turnover, and glycemic control in diet-induced obese mice.

Main Results:

  • Food-odor stimulation during fasting increased serum free fatty acids via olfactory-memory-dependent adipose tissue lipolysis, mediated by central melanocortin and sympathetic systems.
  • Pre-refeeding food-odor stimulation enhanced lipid utilization, increasing gastrointestinal lipid absorption and hepatic cholesterol turnover.
  • Intermittent fasting combined with food-odor stimulation improved glycemic control and prevented insulin resistance in obese mice.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory perception plays a crucial role in promoting lipid metabolism and maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
  • Olfactory regulation is essential for metabolic adaptation during both energy deficit and surplus.
  • These findings suggest olfactory pathways could be a target for dietary interventions against metabolic disorders.