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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

340
Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
340
Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
549
Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

416
Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
Histamine binds to specific receptor sites, known as H1 receptors, on tissue cells, triggering inflammation and swelling. Antihistamines combat these effects by competing with histamine for these receptor sites. By...
416
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

314
Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in...
314
Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

357
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...
357
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

438
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
438

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Drug-Induced Rhinitis: Narrative Review.

Saud Alromaih1, Lamya Alsagaf2, Nouf Aloraini1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Summary

Drug-induced non-allergic rhinitis is a common condition. A literature review identified 12 drug subtypes that can cause rhinitis, highlighting the importance of medication history in diagnosis.

Keywords:
adverse effectdrug relateddrug-induced rhinitisnon-allergicrhinitis

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Rhinitis, a prevalent nasal mucosa inflammation, affects many globally.
  • It presents as allergic or non-allergic types with bothersome symptoms.
  • Drug-induced non-allergic rhinitis is an adverse effect of various medications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify drugs potentially inducing rhinitis.
  • To determine the prevalence of drug-induced rhinitis.
  • To elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of drug-induced rhinitis.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of Medline (PubMed) and Embase up to December 31st, 2021.
  • Keywords included rhinitis, sneezing, congestion, allergic, non-allergic, rhinorrhea, vasomotor, medication, and drug-induced.
  • Screening of eligible papers based on predefined criteria.

Main Results:

  • The review identified 12 drug subtypes potentially causing rhinitis.
  • Pathogenic mechanisms were recognized for some drugs.
  • Mechanisms for other drug-induced rhinitis cases remain unknown.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying drugs causing non-allergic nasal symptoms is crucial.
  • Thorough patient medication history is vital for rhinitis diagnosis.
  • Increased awareness aids in managing drug-induced rhinitis.