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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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The Emerging Pro-Algesic Profile of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 4.

John P M White1, Mario Cibelli2, Istvan Nagy1

  • 1Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.

Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
|November 15, 2022
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Summary

Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) channels are involved in various pain sensations, including mechanical hyperalgesia and inflammatory pain. This review explores TRPV4

Keywords:
AllodyniaInflammatory painMechanical hyperalgesiaMechanotransductionNeuropathic painPainSensory processingTRPV4

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) channels are Ca2+-permeable cation channels involved in diverse physiological functions.
  • While known for various roles, TRPV4's contribution to pain sensation is increasingly recognized.
  • Two decades of research highlight TRPV4's significance in pain pathways.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on TRPV4's role in pain.
  • It examines studies investigating TRPV4's involvement in mechanical hyperalgesia, inflammatory pain, and neuropathic pain.
  • The focus is on understanding how TRPV4 mediates pain sensations.

Key Points:

  • TRPV4 channels mediate mechanical hyperalgesia induced by macro-level trauma or micro-level stress.
  • TRPV4 is essential for mediating inflammatory pain.
  • TRPV4 plays a role in neuropathic pain, contributing to mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia.

Conclusions:

  • TRPV4 channels are significant mediators of various pain sensations.
  • Further research into TRPV4's mechanisms in pain is warranted.
  • Targeting TRPV4 may offer therapeutic potential for pain management.