Sperm signatures of fertility and freezability

Apart from traditional semen examination parameters, there is not yet a set of functional markers for accurate determination of bull fertility and sperm freezability or cryopreservability, which are vital for production of food animals to feed the world. Therefore, reliable biomarkers are needed to objectively analyze semen quality and predict male fertility. Rapid developments in animal biotechnology have led to significant progress in developing science-based solutions for global problems in food animal production. Although andrology studies employing genomic and functional genomics (transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) approaches have elucidated some molecular aspects of sperm, there is also a need for additional mechanistic studies to ascertain the functional underpinnings. Biomarkers discovered through applying various -omics technologies using sperm from bulls with varying fertility phenotypes are valuable for semen evaluation and fertility prediction.