Nano and fine colloids suspended in the soil solution regulate phosphorus desorption and lability in organic...

Mobile colloids impact phosphorus (P) binding and transport in agroecosystems. However, their relationship to P-lability and their relative importance to P-bioavailability is unclear. In soils amended with organic fertilisers, we investigated the effects of nano (NC; 1-20 nm), fine (FC; 20-220 nm), and medium (MC; 220-450 nm) colloids suspended in soil solution on soil P-desorption and lability. The underlying hypothesis is that mobile colloids of different sizes, i.e., NC, FC, and MC, may contribute differently to P-lability in soils enriched with organic fertiliser. NC- and FC-bound P_coll were positively correlated with P-lability parameters from diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT_A-labile P concentration, r ≥ 0.88; and DGT_A-effective P concentration, r ≥ 0.87). The corresponding relations with MC-bound P_coll are weaker (r values of 0.50 and 0.51). NC- and FC-bound P_coll were also strongly correlated with soil P-resupply (r ≥ 0.64) and desorption (r ≥ 0.79) parameters during DGT_A deployment, and the mobility of these colloids was corroborated by electron microscopy of DGT_A gels. MC-bound P_coll was negatively correlated with the solid-to-solution distribution coefficient (r = -0.42), indicating this fraction is unlikely to be the source of P-release from the solid phase after P-depletion from the soil solution. We conclude that NC and FC mainly contribute to regulating soil desorbable-P supply to the soil solution in the DGT_A depletion zone (in vitro proxy for plant rhizosphere), and consequently may act as critical conditioners of P-bioavailability, whereas MC tends to form complexes that lead to P-occlusion rather than lability.