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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

4.1K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
4.1K
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
4.9K
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

2.3K
The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
2.3K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

3.0K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

714

[Active surveillance for thyroid micro-malignant nodules].

Y C Huang1, Z H Huang1, H Z Cai1

  • 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.

Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Oncology]
|November 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active surveillance for thyroid micro-malignant nodules is safe and effective, with ultrasonography showing high diagnostic accuracy. Patient age, lesion number, and initial tumor size are key risk factors for progression.

Keywords:
Active surveillanceMicro-malignant nodulesOvertreatmentThyroid neoplasmsUltrasonography

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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Context:

  • Thyroid micro-malignant nodules (TMNs) are common.
  • Overtreatment of TMNs is a concern.
  • Active surveillance offers an alternative to immediate surgery.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate ultrasound diagnosis of TMNs.
  • To assess the efficacy of active surveillance for TMNs.
  • To identify risk factors for TMN progression.

Summary:

  • 949 patients with TMNs (<1 cm) were included; 112 had immediate surgery, while 713 underwent active surveillance.
  • Tumor progression occurred in 6.6% of surveillance patients over a median of 19 months.
  • Ultrasound accuracy was 98.4%; patient age, lesion number, and initial tumor size were independent risk factors for progression.

Impact:

  • Ultrasonography is effective for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules.
  • Active surveillance is a safe management strategy for most TMNs.
  • Identifying risk factors aids in personalized surveillance strategies.