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Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 21, 2025

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

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Published on: December 29, 2016

Transition metal dichalcogenide magnetic atomic chains.

Kai Zhang¹, Xiaojun Wu^1,2, Jinlong Yang^1,2

¹Hefei National Research Center of Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China xjwu@ustc.edu.cn.

Nanoscale Advances

|November 16, 2022

Summary

Researchers propose novel transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) MX₂ atomic chains. These stable nanostructures exhibit diverse, tunable magnetic and electronic properties, offering potential for advanced spintronic devices.

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Published on: December 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Reducing material dimensions to the atomic scale unlocks novel properties.
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are a class of materials with unique electronic and optical characteristics.
Atomic scale nanostructures offer opportunities for new device functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and investigate a new family of stoichiometric transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) MX₂ atomic chains.
To explore the electronic and magnetic properties of these atomic chains.
To assess their stability and potential applications in nanoscale electronics and spintronics.

Main Methods:

First-principles calculations were used to predict the properties of MX₂ atomic chains.
Phonon spectra and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations confirmed lattice-dynamical stability.
Crystal field theory and exchange interactions were analyzed to understand property origins.

Main Results:

MX₂ atomic chains are lattice-dynamically stable nanostructures.
TiX₂ chains are nonmagnetic semiconductors, while VX₂, CrX₂, and MnX₂ chains exhibit various magnetic semiconductor behaviors.
Carrier doping converts VX₂, CrX₂, and MnX₂ chains into half metals with tunable spin polarization.

Conclusions:

MX₂ atomic chains display diverse and tunable electronic and magnetic properties.
These properties stem from metal d orbital occupation and exchange interactions.
The study identifies suitable carbon nanotubes for growing these atomic chains, highlighting their potential as building blocks for nanoscale electronic and spintronic devices.