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A Systematic Review of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Growing Global Health Concern
Dipannita Adhikary1,2, Shanto Barman3, Redoy Ranjan4,5,6
1Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, GBR.
Insights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors like smoking, hypertension, and obesity are globally prevalent, varying by country and socioeconomic status. Public awareness and lifestyle changes are crucial for reducing CVD risks worldwide.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Cardiology
Background:
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major global non-communicable disease (NCD) concern.
- The prevalence of CVD risk factors is increasing globally across all demographics.
- Understanding these trends is vital for public health strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the global prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors.
- To analyze the impact of these risk factors on public health worldwide.
- To identify variations in risk factor prevalence across different countries and populations.
Main Methods:
- Conducted a comprehensive literature search across major electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar).
- Included data from the World Health Organization (WHO) website and manual searches of published works.
- Focused on recent research regarding the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors globally.
Main Results:
- Smoking prevalence was high in the United States and Pakistan.
- Hypertension and diabetes were more common in Tanzania and the United Kingdom.
- Dyslipidemia and obesity were prevalent in most studied countries, indicating a widespread issue.
- CVD risk factor prevalence varied significantly based on socioeconomic, gender, and educational factors.
Conclusions:
- Cardiovascular disease risk factors are widespread globally, with notable regional variations.
- Effective public health interventions require tailored approaches considering local contexts.
- Promoting healthy lifestyles, including nutrition and physical activity, is essential for mitigating CVD risks.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular disease has become a growing global and public health concern among non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The purpose of the study was to focus on the increasing prevalence of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), irrespective of age and gender, and its effect on public health worldwide. A literature search was done in the electronic database: Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the World Health Organization (WHO) website, based on recent research and the prevalence of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, a manual search for published work has also been done. The coronary heart disease studies were not restricted during the search by sample size because of the limited number of studies in selected countries. The study reviews the potential risk factors responsible for coronary heart disease globally. Smoking was highly prevalent among the United States and Pakistani populations, but hypertension and diabetes were more common in Tanzania and the United Kingdom. However, dyslipidaemia and obesity were common in almost all the selected countries. CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in some countries, varying socioeconomic, gender, and educational levels. Furthermore, there has always been a need for awareness in the public and educational programs for a healthy lifestyle, intake of nutritional food, and increased physical activity to improve health conditions and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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