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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

28
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
28
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

31
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
31
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

19
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
19
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

14
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
14
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

175
The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
175
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

21
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 21, 2025

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

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A Jackstone Calculus Residing in a Urinary Bladder Diverticulum.

Kristophe M Anderson1, Joseph C Herring2

  • 1Internal Medicine, Harlem Hospital Center, New York, USA.

Cureus
|November 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Jackstone calculi, rare urinary stones resembling a children's toy, are typically found in the bladder. This case highlights an unusual Jackstone calculus discovered within a bladder diverticulum in a human patient.

Keywords:
bladder diverticulumctjackstonejackstone calculusvesical calculi

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Radiology
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Jackstone calculi are rare urinary stones with a distinctive morphology, often documented in veterinary literature.
  • These calculi typically present with a dense core and spiculated contour, resembling the toy 'Jacks'.
  • Literature on Jackstone calculi in humans is notably limited, with most documented cases in the vesical bladder.

Observation:

  • A rare case of a Jackstone calculus was identified within a bladder diverticulum.
  • The calculus was detected using computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen.
  • The patient was non-verbal and presented with non-specific abdominal pain, chronic urinary retention, and microscopic hematuria.

Findings:

  • CT imaging successfully visualized an unusual Jackstone calculus within a bladder diverticulum.
  • The case expands the known locations of Jackstone calculi beyond the typical vesical bladder.
  • Diagnostic imaging proved crucial for identifying the calculus in a non-verbal patient.

Implications:

  • This case broadens the understanding of Jackstone calculus presentation in human urology.
  • It underscores the importance of considering rare calculus types in complex urinary retention cases.
  • CT imaging is a valuable tool for diagnosing unusual urinary tract calculi, even in challenging patient populations.