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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Updated: Aug 21, 2025

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer
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TGFβ: Signaling Blockade for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Szu-Ying Chen1, Ons Mamai1, Rosemary J Akhurst1,2

  • 1Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.

Annual Review of Cancer Biology
|November 16, 2022
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Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) has dual roles in cancer, suppressing tumors or promoting metastasis. Targeting TGFβ signaling may enhance immunotherapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment and adaptive immunity.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine with context-dependent roles in cancer.
  • TGFβ can act as a tumor suppressor or promote tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological activities of TGFβ on various cells relevant to improving cancer immunotherapy.
  • To focus on TGFβ's impact on the adaptive immune system in the context of cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of TGFβ's functions in cancer and immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of TGFβ signaling pathways and their cellular effects.
  • Discussion of novel therapeutic strategies targeting TGFβ.

Main Results:

  • TGFβ promotes tumor invasion, metastasis, and resistance to therapies like checkpoint blockade immunotherapies.
  • TGFβ influences the tumor stroma and immune microenvironment, affecting immunotherapy outcomes.
  • Targeting TGFβ can potentially overcome resistance mechanisms and improve therapeutic efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding TGFβ's multifaceted roles is crucial for optimizing cancer immunotherapy.
  • Developing targeted TGFβ inhibitors with specific cell type or tumor targeting can improve the therapeutic window.
  • Modulating TGFβ signaling holds promise for enhancing patient responses to immunotherapies.