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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Economic and Efficient Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Microarchitecture in a Murine Osteoporosis Model
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Male osteoporosis.

Leonardo Bandeira1,2, Barbara C Silva3,4,5, John P Bilezikian6

  • 1Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|November 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Male osteoporosis is underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite significant fracture risk and mortality. Diagnosis and treatment are similar to women, with testosterone replacement beneficial for hypogonadal men.

Keywords:
Osteoporosishypogonadismmaletestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Geriatrics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is often overlooked in men, leading to underdiagnosis and undertreatment.
  • Men experience a substantial proportion of fractures, with increased incidence and mortality post-fracture.
  • Secondary causes like hypogonadism, alcohol, and glucocorticoids contribute to male osteoporosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the underappreciated burden of osteoporosis in men.
  • To discuss diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies for male osteoporosis.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing and managing osteoporosis in the male population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and diagnostic guidelines for male osteoporosis.
  • Comparison of osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment in men versus women.
  • Evaluation of the role of secondary causes and specific treatments like testosterone replacement therapy.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 40% of fractures occur in men, with higher subsequent fracture and mortality risk.
  • Only 10% of men with osteoporosis receive adequate treatment.
  • International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) guidelines recommend using female databases for DXA diagnosis (T-score ≤ -2.5).
  • Osteoporosis can be diagnosed with fragility fractures or high FRAX scores, independent of bone mineral density (BMD).

Conclusions:

  • Male osteoporosis requires greater clinical attention due to its prevalence and severity.
  • Diagnostic approaches and treatments largely mirror those for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • Testosterone replacement therapy can improve BMD in hypogonadal men.