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Updated: Aug 21, 2025

An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
Published on: June 24, 2025
[Challenges in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of encrusted cystitis]
N K Gadzhiev1,2,3,4,5,6, I E Malikiev1,2,3,4,5,6, V M Obidnyak1,2,3,4,5,6
1Clinic for Pirogov High Medical Technologies, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
Abstract:
Encrusted cystitis (IC) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder of the bladder characterized by mucosal inflammation with encrustations. This pathological process is directly related to the activity of urea-splitting bacteria in the urine. Bladder encrustations are deposits of ammonium and magnesium phosphate, as well as struvite, on the surface of the urothelium. However, the pathogenesis of this disease has not been thoroughly studied. Treatment of encrusted cystitis is aimed to complete eradication of the uropathogen, surgical removal of encrustations, and lowering urine pH. Early diagnosis is a key prerequisite for effective treatment.
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