Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Taste Buds and Receptors

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Methods of Computational Modelling in Studies of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Adults to Inform Protocols for Tinnitus Treatment: A Scoping Review.

Brain sciences·2026

Same author

Noise Exposure in a Dental Teaching Hospital: Investigations and Recommendations for Dental Personnel.

European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe·2025

Same author

Validity, reliability, and readability of Artificial Intelligence chatbots as public sources of information on hearing loss: a comparative evaluation of ChatGPT, Bing, Gemini, and Perplexity.

International journal of audiology·2025

Same author

Auricular Ultrasonic Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Effectiveness of Blinding and Occurrence of Adverse Effects in Healthy Volunteers.

Brain sciences·2025

Same author

The Zwicker tone as a model to investigate auditory processing and tinnitus: a scoping review.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2025

Same author

Neuromodulation (desynchronisation) for tinnitus in adults.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 21, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus.

Magdalena Sereda¹, Jun Xia², Polly Scutt¹

¹NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

|November 16, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ginkgo biloba shows uncertain benefits for tinnitus symptom severity and may not significantly differ from placebo. More high-quality research is needed to determine its effectiveness and safety for tinnitus treatment.

More Related Videos

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

Published on: February 27, 2018

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

Published on: October 16, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 21, 2025

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Published on: August 24, 2017

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

Published on: February 27, 2018

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

Published on: October 16, 2012

Area of Science:

Evidence-based medicine
Pharmacology
Otolaryngology

Background:

Tinnitus, the perception of sound without an external source, affects millions, creating a significant healthcare burden.
Current management includes behavioral therapies, sound enrichment, and medications for co-morbid conditions.
Ginkgo biloba is explored as a potential treatment for tinnitus.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba for treating tinnitus in adults and children.
To assess Ginkgo biloba's impact on tinnitus symptom severity, loudness, and associated psychological factors.

Main Methods:

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Ginkgo biloba to placebo, no intervention, or education.
Searched multiple databases including Cochrane ENT Register, MEDLINE, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to June 2022.
Primary outcomes included tinnitus symptom severity and serious adverse effects; secondary outcomes covered loudness, quality of life, and other adverse events.

Main Results:

Ginkgo biloba demonstrated little to no effect on tinnitus symptom severity compared to placebo over 3-6 months (very low-certainty evidence).
No significant difference was observed in the risk of serious adverse effects like bleeding or seizures (low-certainty evidence).
Evidence for effects on tinnitus loudness, health-related quality of life, and other adverse events was also very low to low certainty.

Conclusions:

There is substantial uncertainty regarding the benefits and harms of Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus treatment compared to placebo.
Insufficient evidence exists to draw meaningful conclusions when Ginkgo biloba is used with concurrent interventions like hearing aids.
Future research requires rigorous methodology, high-quality randomization and blinding, and validated patient-centered outcome measures.