Oral polio revaccination is associated with changes in gut and upper respiratory microbiomes of infants

After the eradication of polio infection, the plan is to phase-out the live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). Considering the protective non-specific effects (NSE) of OPV on unrelated pathogens, the withdrawal may impact child health negatively. Within a cluster-randomized trial, we carried out 16S rRNA deep sequencing analysis of fecal and nasopharyngeal microbial content of Bissau-Guinean infants aged 4-8 months, before and after 2 months of OPV revaccination (revaccinated infants = 47) vs. no OPV revaccination (control infants = 47). The aim was to address changes in the gut and upper respiratory bacterial microbiotas due to revaccination. Alpha-diversity for both microbiotas increased similarly over time in OPV-revaccinated infants and controls, whereas greater changes over time in the bacterial composition of gut (p < 0.001) and upper respiratory microbiotas (p = 0.018) were observed in the former. Taxonomic analysis of gut bacterial microbiota revealed a decrease over time in the median proportion of Bifidobacterium longum for all infants (25-14.3%, p = 0.0006 in OPV-revaccinated infants and 25.3-11.6%, p = 0.01 in controls), compatible with the reported weaning. Also, it showed a restricted increase in the median proportion of Prevotella_9 genus in controls (1.4-7.1%, p = 0.02), whereas in OPV revaccinated infants an increase over time in Prevotellaceae family (7.2-17.4%, p = 0.005) together with a reduction in median proportion of potentially pathogenic/opportunistic genera such as Escherichia/Shigella (5.8-3.4%, p = 0.01) were observed. Taxonomic analysis of upper respiratory bacterial microbiota revealed an increase over time in median proportions of potentially pathogenic/opportunistic genera in controls, such as Streptococcus (2.9-11.8%, p = 0.001 and Hemophilus (11.3-20.5%, p = 0.03), not observed in OPV revaccinated infants. In conclusion, OPV revaccination was associated with a healthier microbiome composition 2 months after revaccination, based on a more abundant and diversified bacterial community of Prevotellaceae and fewer pathogenic/opportunistic organisms. Further information on species-level differentiation and functional analysis of microbiome content are warranted to elucidate the impact of OPV-associated changes in bacterial microbiota on child health.