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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Related Experiment Video

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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies.

Srishti Chakravorty1, Behdad Afzali2, Majid Kazemian1,3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|November 17, 2022
PubMed
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common oncogenic virus linked to cancers and autoimmune diseases. This review explores EBV

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EBV animal modelsEBV therapeuticsEBV vaccinesEBV-associated diseases and cancershigh-throughput sequencing technologiesmolecular mechanisms of EBV-host interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects over 90% of the global population, establishing lifelong dormancy.
  • EBV is an oncogenic virus responsible for approximately 200,000 cancer deaths annually and contributes significantly to autoimmune disease burden.
  • Viral reactivation can lead to cellular transformation, immune evasion, and pathogenic autoantibody production, posing a major public health challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an up-to-date review of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated diseases.
  • To focus on immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutic strategies, and emerging technologies for studying EBV.
  • To offer insights for developing novel and effective treatments for EBV-related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing research on EBV.
  • Analysis of immune and environmental factors implicated in EBV pathogenesis.
  • Evaluation of current and experimental vaccines, antiviral agents, and cell-based therapies.
  • Exploration of animal models and novel technologies for EBV research.

Main Results:

  • EBV-associated cancers exhibit distinct molecular profiles compared to non-EBV counterparts, suggesting targeted treatment opportunities.
  • While vaccines and therapies show promise, their efficacy and safety profiles require further elucidation.
  • Understanding immune evasion and autoantibody production is crucial for managing EBV's impact.

Conclusions:

  • EBV poses a significant global health burden due to its high prevalence and association with cancers and autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research into immune mechanisms, environmental factors, and advanced therapeutic strategies is essential for effective EBV disease management.
  • Developing novel treatments necessitates a deep understanding of EBV's complex interactions with the host immune system and cellular processes.