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Updated: Aug 20, 2025
A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
Published on: August 24, 2017
Practical challenges of continuous real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback with multiband
Malika P Renz1, Francesca Zidda1, Jamila Andoh1
1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
Abstract:
Continuous real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback is gaining increasing scientific attention in clinical neuroscience and may benefit from the short repetition times of modern multiband echoplanar imaging sequences. However, minimizing feedback delay can result in technical challenges. Here, we report a technical problem we experienced during continuous fMRI neurofeedback with multiband echoplanar imaging and short repetition times. We identify the possible origins of this problem, describe our current interim solution and provide openly available workflows and code to other researchers in case they wish to use a similar approach.
