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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles01:25

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

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Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
The four primary types of muscle based on fascicle arrangement are:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Grasping Abilities for Hemiplegic Patients with Flexible Robotic Limbs
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Finch: Prosthetic Arm With Three Opposing Fingers Controlled by a Muscle Bulge.

Masahiro Yoshikawa, Kazunori Ogawa, Shunji Yamanaka

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |November 18, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Forearm amputees now have a new option: the Finch prosthetic arm. This lightweight, body-powered device uses muscle signals for intuitive control, offering a practical solution for daily activities.

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    A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study
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    A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Rehabilitation Technology
    • Prosthetics

    Background:

    • Existing prosthetic options like body-powered hooks and myoelectric hands present challenges in terms of appearance, comfort, and weight.
    • Body-powered hooks offer delicate manipulation but have aesthetic drawbacks and require cumbersome harnesses.
    • Myoelectric hands provide a natural appearance and intuitive control but are often heavy and difficult to trial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop the Finch, a novel prosthetic arm designed to be lightweight, easy to wear, and simple to use for forearm amputees.
    • To provide an alternative prosthetic solution addressing the limitations of current technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • The Finch prosthetic arm features three opposing fingers controlled by muscle bulge signals detected by a forearm sensor.
    • A supporter socket, combining a resin frame and fabric, ensures easy fitting.
    • A simplified design incorporates a linear actuator and 3D-printed components for reduced weight and cost.

    Main Results:

    • The Finch prosthetic arm achieved a light weight of 330 g and low manufacturing cost.
    • Functional tests and user evaluations using the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure demonstrated practical usability for daily activities.

    Conclusions:

    • The Finch prosthetic arm represents a viable, lightweight, and user-friendly option for forearm amputees.
    • Its innovative muscle-controlled mechanism and design offer improved functionality and wearability compared to existing prosthetics.