Dysautonomia: Diagnosis and Management

Dysautonomias are a heterogenous group of disorders that can cause variable symptoms ranging from isolated impairment of one autonomic function to multisystem failure. The causes are also diverse and can be central or peripheral and primary (owing to an intrinsic neurologic cause) or secondary (owing to a disorder that secondarily causes damage to the autonomic nervous system). This review covers common phenotypes of dysautonomias, primary and secondary causes, initial clinical workups, interpretation of common autonomic tests, and first-line treatments. A brief review of autonomic impairment associated with acute and long-COVID is also presented.