Molecular and environmental determinants of biomolecular condensate formation

Biomolecular condensate formation has been implicated in a host of biological processes and has found relevance in biology and disease. Understanding the physical principles and underlying characteristics of how these macromolecular assemblies form and are regulated has become a central focus of the field. In this Review, we introduce features of phase-separating biomolecules from a general physical viewpoint and highlight how molecular features, including affinity, valence and a competition between inter- and intramolecular contacts, affect phase separation. We then discuss sequence properties of proteins that serve to mediate intermolecular interactions. Finally, we review how the intracellular environment can affect structural and sequence determinants of proteins and modulate physical parameters of their phase transitions. The works reviewed highlight that a complex interplay exists between structure, sequence and environmental determinants in the formation of biomolecular condensates.