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Updated: Aug 20, 2025
Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
Published on: March 11, 2022
Relationship between foot morphology, muscle strength, and physical performance test in women aged 65 years and
Mieko Yokozuka1, Kanako Okazaki2, Masayuki Hoshi2
1Department of Physical Therapy, Fukushima Medical University School of Health Sciences, 10-6 Sakae-machi, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-8516, Japan. yokozuka@fmu.ac.jp.
Background:
Hallux valgus is a foot deformity that may affect gait, thus increasing the risk of falls among older people. We investigated the relationship between foot morphology, muscle strength, and physical performance.
Methods:
In this study, community-dwelling older people aged ≥65 years were included. A three-dimensional footprint automatic measurement apparatus was used to measure the hallux valgus angle, arch height ratio, and heel-floor angle. Furthermore, the toe flexor strength and ankle plantar flexion strength were measured. Physical performance tests included the five-repetition sit-to-stand test, one-leg standing time, maximal step length, functional reach test, and 5-m fastest walking time (walking time). The relationship between the hallux valgus angle and foot morphology and muscle strength was examined. In addition, factors affecting physical performance testing were assessed. Two-group comparisons, correlation, and multiple comparisons were used for statistical analyses.
Results:
Of the 133 women (age 77.7 ± 6.2 years), 57 had hallux valgus and 76 had no hallux valgus. There was a significant difference in the arch height ratio and heel-floor angle between women with and without hallux valgus (p < 0.001). A correlation was found between the hallux valgus angle and the heel-floor angle (r = 0.468, p < 0.001) and arch height ratio (r = - 0.337, p < 0.001), respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that the hallux valgus angle was related to functional reach (β = - 0.162, p = 0.042), and toe flexor strength was related to five-repetition sit-to-stand (β = - 0.182, p = 0.036), maximal step length (β = 0.328, p < 0.001), and walking time (β = - 0.219, p = 0.006).
Conclusions:
A relationship was found between the hallux valgus angle, arch height rate, and inward inclination angle of the calcaneus. Functional reach was predicted based on the hallux valgus angle, whereas the five-repetition sit-to-stand, maximal step length, and walking time were predicted based on toe flexor strength. Hallux valgus predicted not only the forefoot but also the foot morphology and was related to physical performance. From the perspective of motor function and fall prevention, efforts should be made to better understand and prevent the onset and progression of hallux valgus.
