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Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: the immunological perspective
Elena Rampanelli1,2,3,4, Max Nieuwdorp3,4,5
1Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
|November 19, 2022
Summary
Environmental factors, including gut microbiome changes, contribute to rising Type 1 diabetes (T1D) rates. Altered gut bacteria impact immune function and T1D development.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Microbiology
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease affecting pancreatic beta-cells, with rising incidence unexplained by genetics alone.
- Environmental factors, particularly gut microbiome alterations, are increasingly implicated in T1D pathogenesis.
- Intestinal commensal bacteria influence host endocrine and immune functions, with dysbiosis observed in T1D.
Approach:
- This review synthesizes current research on gut microbial communities in T1D.
- Studies examined include murine models, diabetic patients, and human interventional trials.
- Focus is on taxonomic profiles and the functional role of gut microbiota in T1D.
Key Points:
- Gut microbiota composition and function are altered in T1D.
- Microbial metabolites and community structure influence immune cell differentiation and function.
- Early-life microbiome perturbations can increase T1D susceptibility and disease severity.
Conclusions:
- The gut microbiome plays a critical role in T1D development and progression.
- Targeting the gut microbiota may offer therapeutic strategies for T1D.
- Further research is needed to elucidate specific microbial mechanisms in T1D pathogenesis.
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