Optimizing transcranial ultrasound delivery at large incident angles by leveraging cranial leaky guided wave...

We investigate the role of leaky guided waves in transcranial ultrasound transmission in temporal and parietal bones at large incidence angles. Our numerical and experimental results show that the dispersion characteristics of the fundamental leaky guided wave mode with longitudinal polarization can be leveraged to estimate the critical angle above which efficient shear mode conversion takes place, and below which major transmission drops can be expected. Simulations that employ a numerical propagator matrix and a Semi-Analytical approach establish the transcranial dispersion characteristics and transmission coefficients at different incident angles. Experimental transmission tests conducted at 500 kHz and radiation tests performed in the 200-800 kHz range confirm the numerical findings in terms of transmitted peak pressure and frequency-radiation angle spectra, based on which the connection between critical angles, dispersion and transmission is demonstrated. Our results support the identification of transcranial ultrasound strategies that leverage shear mode conversion, which is less sensitive to phase aberrations compared to normal incidence ultrasound. These findings can also enable higher transmission rates in cranial bones with low porosity by leveraging dispersion information extracted through signal processing, without requiring measurement of geometric and mechanical properties of the cranial bone.