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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Thyroid incidentalomas.

Jan Jiskra

    Vnitrni Lekarstvi
    |November 19, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Thyroid nodules are common, often benign incidentalomas. Ultrasound risk stratification guides management, with fine needle aspiration cytology and molecular testing aiding decisions for suspicious nodules.

    Keywords:
    Bethesda classificationTIRADSfine needle aspiration biopsymolecular testingthyroid cancerthyroid noduleultrasound

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    Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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    Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Radiology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Thyroid nodules are highly prevalent, with most being benign and discovered incidentally (thyroid incidentalomas).
    • Ultrasound (US) is the primary diagnostic modality for evaluating thyroid nodules.
    • Classification systems like the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) categorize nodules based on US features.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline the diagnostic and management pathway for thyroid nodules.
    • To define the role of ultrasound risk stratification and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in nodule management.
    • To highlight the utility of molecular testing and serum calcitonin in specific cases.

    Main Methods:

    • Initial evaluation relies on ultrasound (US) for nodule characterization and risk stratification using TIRADS.
    • Management decisions (FNAC, US follow-up, or no follow-up) are based on TIRADS category and nodule size.
    • Fine needle aspiration with cytology (FNAC) provides Bethesda categories, guiding further management.
    • Molecular testing and serum calcitonin levels can aid in decision-making for indeterminate nodules (Bethesda categories III and V).

    Main Results:

    • Most thyroid nodules are benign incidentalomas requiring conservative management (e.g., US follow-up).
    • A minority of nodules necessitate diagnostic or therapeutic surgery based on FNAC results (Bethesda categories III-VI).
    • Ultrasound risk stratification effectively guides the need for FNAC and subsequent management.

    Conclusions:

    • A systematic approach integrating ultrasound, FNAC, and Bethesda classification is crucial for optimal thyroid nodule management.
    • Molecular testing and calcitonin measurement offer valuable adjuncts for managing specific indeterminate thyroid nodules.
    • Conservative management is appropriate for the majority of incidentally discovered benign thyroid nodules.