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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
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The neural regulation of blood pressure involves intricate interactions between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular system, ensuring adequate perfusion of tissues. This regulation primarily occurs through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes, involving both short-term and long-term mechanisms.
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
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Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
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Subclinical HMOD in Hypertension: Brain Imaging and Cognitive Function.

Angelo Scuteri1,2, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi3

  • 1Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Sanita' Pubblica, Universita' di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. angelo.scuteri@unica.it.

High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension
|November 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The brain is a key target for hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD), often undetected in older adults. This review summarizes brain HMOD and proposes a screening algorithm for cognitive function in hypertensive patients.

Keywords:
Arterial stiffnessCognitive functionDementiaHypertensionHypertension Mediated Organ DamageWhite Matter Lesions

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • The brain is a significant target for hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD).
  • Brain HMOD can be the sole manifestation in over 30% of hypertensive individuals, often remaining undetected.
  • Current guidelines lack clear recommendations for evaluating brain HMOD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize structural and functional brain HMOD in older hypertensive patients.
  • To propose arterial aging as a unifying mechanism for brain HMOD.
  • To present a simple algorithm for screening cognitive function in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on brain HMOD in hypertension.
  • Discussion of arterial aging as a common pathway.
  • Proposal of a cognitive screening algorithm for older hypertensive patients.

Main Results:

  • Brain HMOD is a prevalent and often silent complication of hypertension.
  • Arterial aging may underlie both structural and functional brain changes.
  • A practical screening approach for cognitive impairment is suggested.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition and management of brain HMOD are crucial in hypertensive patients.
  • Screening for cognitive dysfunction should be considered in older hypertensive individuals.
  • Further research is needed to refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for brain HMOD.