Designing a sustainable reverse supply chain network for COVID-19 vaccine waste under uncertainty

The vast nationwide COVID-19 vaccination programs are implemented in many countries worldwide. Mass vaccination is causing a rapid increase in infectious and non-infectious vaccine wastes, potentially posing a severe threat if there is no well-organized management plan. This paper develops a mixed-integer mathematical programming model to design a COVID-19 vaccine waste reverse supply chain (CVWRSC) for the first time. The presented problem is based on minimizing the system's total cost and carbon emission. The uncertainty in the tendency rate of vaccination is considered, and a robust optimization approach is used to deal with it, where an interactive fuzzy approach converts the model into a single objective problem. Additionally, a Lagrangian relaxation (LR) algorithm is utilized to deal with the computational difficulty of the large-scale CVWRSC network. The model's practicality is investigated by solving a real-life case study. The results show the gain of the developed integrated network, where the presented framework performs better than the disintegrated vaccine and waste supply chain models. According to the results, vaccination operations and transportation of non-infectious wastes are responsible for a large portion of total cost and emission, respectively. Autoclaving technology plays a vital role in treating infectious wastes. Moreover, the sensitivity analyses demonstrate that the vaccination tendency rate significantly impacts both objective functions. The case study results prove the model's robustness under different realization scenarios, where the average objective function of the robust model is less than the deterministic model ones' in all scenarios. Finally, some insights are given based on the obtained results.