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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Related Experiment Video

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Dual CRISPR-Interference Strategy for Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions Between Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cells
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Dual CRISPR-Interference Strategy for Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions Between Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer Cells

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Interplay between programmed death-ligand 1 and non-coding RNAs.

Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard1, Hamed Shoorei2,3, Bashdar Mahmud Hussen4,5

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Frontiers in Immunology
|November 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is key in immune suppression by cancer. Understanding its regulation by non-coding RNAs like miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs can improve cancer therapies and patient treatment selection.

Keywords:
PD-L1cancerexpressionlncRNAmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane protein crucial for suppressing adaptive immune responses.
  • Cancer cells exploit PD-L1 to evade immune system attacks, making it a target for cancer therapies.
  • Modulating the PD1/PD-L1 axis is essential for releasing anti-tumor immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interactions between non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs) and PD-L1 in cancer.
  • To summarize how these interactions influence the PD1/PD-L1 axis activity.
  • To overview the impact of these interactions on patient response to anti-cancer drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on non-coding RNAs and PD-L1.
  • Analysis of interactions between specific transcripts (miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs) and PD-L1.
  • Synthesis of findings regarding the role of these interactions in cancer immunity and drug response.

Main Results:

  • Non-coding RNAs, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have confirmed interactions with PD-L1.
  • These interactions play a significant role in modulating PD-L1 expression and function.
  • The interplay between non-coding RNAs and PD-L1 impacts the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding non-coding RNA regulation of PD-L1 is vital for developing novel cancer treatments.
  • Identifying these interactions can aid in predicting patient responses to PD1/PD-L1 blockade therapies.
  • Further research into these mechanisms promises to enhance therapeutic strategies and patient outcomes in oncology.