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The provided content explores the behavior of traveling waves on single-phase lossless transmission lines. It begins with a single-phase two-wire lossless transmission line of length Δx, characterized by a loop inductance LH/m and a line-to-line capacitance C F/m. These parameters result in a series inductance LΔx  and a shunt capacitance CΔx.
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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Loneliness Assuaged: Eye-Tracking an Audience Watching Barrage Videos
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Loneliness across time and space.

Maike Luhmann1, Susanne Buecker1, Marilena Rüsberg1

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.

Nature Reviews Psychology
|November 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Loneliness arises when social needs aren't met. Macro-level factors like societal values and living conditions, not just individual traits, significantly impact loneliness prevalence across time and place.

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Loneliness stems from unmet social needs, with prior research emphasizing individual predictors.
  • Macro-level influences of historical time and geographic space on loneliness remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review empirical evidence on loneliness variations across historical time and geographical space.
  • To identify and discuss macro-level factors influencing loneliness prevalence.
  • To propose future research directions for a nuanced understanding of loneliness.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of empirical findings on loneliness prevalence.
  • Analysis of macro-level factors: values/norms, social life, technology, living conditions.
  • Examination of historical and geographical variations in loneliness.
Keywords:
Psychology

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Main Results:

  • Empirical evidence on increasing loneliness over historical time is mixed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • National loneliness differences correlate with cultural values (e.g., individualism) and sociodemographic composition.
  • Within-country loneliness variations may be influenced by neighborhood characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Macro-level factors significantly shape loneliness, necessitating a broader perspective beyond individual-level analysis.
  • Understanding these macro-level influences is crucial for developing effective public policy interventions.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex interplay between macro-level factors and individual loneliness.