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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression
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Poxvirus-driven human diseases and emerging therapeutics.

Kritika Srinivasan Rajsri1,2, Mana Rao3

  • 1Division of Biomaterials, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.

Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease
|November 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Poxviruses, including monkeypox, pose public health risks and require further research. This review covers viral diseases, treatments, and their medical applications.

Keywords:
MolluscumMonkeypoxOrfPoxvirusesSmallpoxTanapoxVacciniaVariola

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Poxviridae are historically significant pathogens with diverse hosts.
  • Smallpox eradication is a success, but monkeypox emergence is a concern.
  • Human poxviruses include monkeypox, molluscum contagiosum, and Orf virus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on human poxviral infections.
  • To provide insights into viral replication, pathogenicity, and disease.
  • To discuss prevention, treatment, and medical applications of poxviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of poxviral infections.
  • Summary of viral biology and epidemiology.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Poxviruses exhibit varied pathogenesis and host tropism.
  • Human-to-human transmission of monkeypox is a significant concern.
  • Poxviruses have established roles in gene therapy and cancer treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding poxviral infections is crucial for public health.
  • Poxviruses offer potential for novel medical interventions.
  • Continued research is vital for managing poxviral threats and applications.