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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

18.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
18.6K
Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between...
571
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

210
In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
The Maximum Shearing Stress Criterion, also known as...
210
Temperature Dependent Deformation01:12

Temperature Dependent Deformation

181
In a nonhomogeneous rod made up of steel and brass, restrained at both ends and subjected to a temperature change, several steps are involved in calculating the stress and compressive load. Due to the problem's static indeterminacy, one end support is disconnected, allowing the rod to experience the temperature change freely. Next, an unknown force is applied at the free end, triggering deformations in the rod's steel and brass portions. These deformations are then calculated and added...
181
Shearing Stress01:19

Shearing Stress

809
Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
809
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

1.4K
The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Shear transformations in metallic glasses without excessive and predefinable defects.

Zhen Zhang1, Jun Ding1, Evan Ma1

  • 1Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plastic flow in metallic glasses is not caused by structural defects. Shear transformations (STs) in these materials emerge indeterministically based on loading conditions, not pre-existing flaws.

Keywords:
Monte Carlometallic glassmolecular dynamics simulationshear transformations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Plastic flow in metallic glasses (MGs) is understood to be driven by shear transformations (STs).
  • Previous hypotheses suggested STs originate from specific, identifiable structural defects with loose atomic packing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the initiation sites of shear transformations (STs) in metallic glasses (MGs).
  • To challenge the prevailing notion that STs arise from pre-existing structural defects.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a realistic MG model using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo simulations.
  • Achieved liquid solidification at a slow cooling rate (500 K/s) to better mimic experimental conditions for bulk MGs.
  • Analyzed atomic behavior under shear stress below global yielding.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that STs do not initiate from recognizable structural defects.
  • Observed that only a small fraction of atoms (~2%) participate in STs before global yielding, with each event involving approximately 10 atoms.
  • Rectified the overestimation of 'liquid-like regions' in MGs produced by rapid quenching in traditional MD models.

Conclusions:

  • Shear transformations in metallic glasses are not triggered by identifiable structural defects.
  • The sites and distribution of STs are indeterministic, emerging dynamically based on specific mechanical loading conditions.
  • This study provides a more accurate model for understanding plastic flow mechanisms in metallic glasses.