Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

12.2K
The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
12.2K
Infection01:20

Infection

8.5K
When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
8.5K
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

58.3K
Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
58.3K
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.5K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.5K
Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

91
Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
91
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

4.3K
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Citrus-leaf microemulsion controls postharvest mold through membrane disruption and host defense enhancement.

Food chemistry: X·2026
Same author

Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of intraoperative cell salvage for patients with placenta previa during cesarean section: a retrospective comparison analysis.

Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland)·2026
Same author

Multimodal deep learning fusion model for assessment of fetal lung development in gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2026
Same author

Adaptive Dynamics models for the evolution of class-structured populations in stable systems.

Journal of theoretical biology·2026
Same author

TinyUSFM: Towards Compact and Efficient Ultrasound Foundation Models.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
Same author

Unplanned Removal of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter After Complications.

JAMA network open·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
08:38

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

Published on: February 22, 2019

5.9K

Exploring How a Generalist Pathogen and Within-Host Priority Effects Alter the Risk of Being Infected by a Specialist

Jing Jiao, Michael H Cortez

    The American Naturalist
    |November 21, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Infectious disease risk is complex in communities with multiple hosts and pathogens. This study reveals how pathogen interactions within and between hosts can significantly alter infection dynamics and risk for a focal host.

    Keywords:
    coinfectiondisease riskindirect effectspriority effectswithin-host interactions

    More Related Videos

    A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
    12:21

    A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

    Published on: September 28, 2022

    2.6K
    Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions
    07:56

    Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions

    Published on: April 5, 2024

    1.9K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Aug 20, 2025

    Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
    08:38

    Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

    Published on: February 22, 2019

    5.9K
    A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
    12:21

    A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

    Published on: September 28, 2022

    2.6K
    Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions
    07:56

    Author Spotlight: Advanced Enteroid Model for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions

    Published on: April 5, 2024

    1.9K

    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Epidemiology
    • Mathematical Biology

    Background:

    • Infectious disease risk for a host can be influenced by the presence of other host and pathogen species.
    • Indirect interactions between pathogens, both within a single host and across host populations, can modify disease transmission dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how within-host and between-host pathogen interactions affect a focal host's infection risk.
    • To explore the impact of a generalist pathogen and its alternative host on the risk of infection by a specialist pathogen in a focal host.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized an SI-type epidemiological model.
    • Modeled two host species and two environmentally transmitted pathogens.
    • One pathogen was a specialist on the focal host, while the other was a generalist.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that within-host priority effects influence the production of specialist infectious propagules.
    • Identified monotonic, unimodal, and U-shaped relationships between specialist and generalist infectious propagule densities.
    • Observed overcompensation in infectious propagule density due to increased host mortality, driven by within-host priority effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Within-host pathogen interactions, specifically priority effects, play a crucial role in determining a focal host's infection risk.
    • The presence of a generalist pathogen and its alternative host can significantly alter the transmission dynamics of a specialist pathogen.
    • Understanding these complex interactions is vital for predicting and managing infectious disease spread in multihost-multipathogen systems.