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Self-referential immune recognition through C-type lectin receptors.

Carla Guenther1, Masamichi Nagae1, Sho Yamasaki1

  • 1Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.

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Summary

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) evolved from ancient lectins to sense "unfamiliar" targets, monitoring internal and external stresses for homeostasis. This review summarizes CLR functions, ligands, and future research directions.

Keywords:
C-type lectin receptorsDAMPsPAMPsPattern recognition receptorsSelf-recognition

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Lectins, with versatile binding pockets, are conserved across organisms.
  • C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) evolved from soluble lectins, incorporating transmembrane regions and signaling motifs.
  • CLRs recognize both self-components and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes recent research on C-type lectin receptors (CLRs).
  • It examines the diverse ligands recognized by CLRs, including glycans and non-glycosylated molecules.
  • The functional roles of CLRs in homeostasis and stress monitoring are discussed.

Key Points:

  • CLRs exhibit adaptability in ligand binding, recognizing a broad spectrum of targets.
  • Evolutionary adaptation allowed CLRs to distinguish between self, altered self, and foreign entities.
  • CLRs play a crucial role in sensing internal and external cellular stresses.

Conclusions:

  • CLRs are critical sentinels involved in maintaining physiological homeostasis.
  • Their ability to detect diverse
  • unfamiliar
  • targets highlights their importance in innate immunity and surveillance.
  • Further research into CLRs and their ligands promises new insights into immune responses and disease.