Gradient Micropillar Array Inspired by Tree Frog for Robust Adhesion on Dry and Wet Surfaces

The strong adhesion on dry and wet surfaces and the durability of bioinspired hierarchical fibrillar adhesives are critical for their applications. However, the critical design for the strong adhesion normally depends on fine sub-micron structures which could be damaged during repeat usage. Here, we develop a tree frog-inspired gradient composite micropillars array (GP), which not only realizes a 2.3-times dry adhesion and a 5.6-times wet adhesion as compared to the pure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micropillars array (PP), but also shows excellent durability over 200 repeating cycles of attachment/detachment and self-cleaning ability. A GP consists of stiffer tips and softer roots by incorporating gradient dispersed CaCO₃ nanoparticles in PDMS micropillar stalks. The modulus gradient along the micropillar height facilitates the contact formation and enhances the maximum stress during the detaching. The study here provides a new design strategy for robust adhesives for practical applications in the fields of robotics, electronics, medical engineering, etc.