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Stop Worrying about Multiple-Choice: Fact Knowledge Does Not Change with Response Format.

Benjamin Goecke¹, Marlena Staab¹, Catherine Schittenhelm¹

¹Institute for Psychology and Pedagogy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany.

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|November 22, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored how different question formats affect crystallized intelligence measurement. Findings indicate that declarative knowledge assessment is not influenced by response format, whether multiple-choice or open-ended.

Keywords:

crystallized intelligence declarative knowledge response formats

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Cognitive Science
Educational Measurement

Background:

Crystallized intelligence, particularly declarative fact knowledge, is crucial for cognitive abilities.
Declarative knowledge is often assessed using multiple-choice (MC) items, but open-ended formats may offer a more comprehensive evaluation.
Different response formats might engage distinct cognitive processes, potentially impacting measurement outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether varying response formats (multiple-choice, open-ended, open-ended with cues) influence the measurement of declarative knowledge.
To determine if changes in cognitive processes, suggested by different inquiry methods, alter the covariance structure of knowledge assessment.
To ascertain if crystallized intelligence is invariant across different response formats.

Main Methods:

Two online studies were conducted, administering declarative knowledge items in multiple-choice, open-ended, and cued open-ended formats.
Item difficulty was analyzed, and logistic regression models were applied to assess response format effects.
Latent variable analyses were employed to examine the underlying structure of knowledge measurement across formats.

Main Results:

Item difficulty increased significantly with open-ended response formats compared to multiple-choice.
While item difficulty varied, logistic regression models showed nuanced effects across different items.
Crucially, latent variable analyses revealed that the method of inquiry did not alter the fundamental construct being measured.

Conclusions:

The findings support the invariance of crystallized intelligence measurement across different response formats.
Response format does not appear to affect the cognitive processes underlying declarative knowledge assessment.
This research validates the use of various formats for measuring crystallized intelligence, suggesting methodological choices do not compromise construct validity.