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Related Concept Videos

Energy Budgets00:51

Energy Budgets

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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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Energy Balance01:19

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The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
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Production Efficiency01:01

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
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Requirements for Human Life01:26

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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
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Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

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During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice
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Determining Basal Energy Expenditure and the Capacity of Thermogenic Adipocytes to Expend Energy in Obese Mice

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Energy Trade-off and 4 Extreme Human Body Types.

Ze'ev Hochberg1, Kerstin Albertsson-Wikland2, Florian Privé3

  • 1The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|November 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Energy Trade-Off (ETO) influences body types, with a novel ETO-Score (ETOS) characterizing height and weight trade-offs. Genetic analysis identified key pathways involved in this energy trade-off.

Keywords:
UK Biobankenergetic trade-offenergy metabolismextreme body typesgrowth trajectories

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Area of Science:

  • Human growth and development
  • Genetics
  • Anthropometry

Background:

  • Resource trade-off theory posits that enhanced performance in one trait may compromise another.
  • Understanding the interplay between height and weight is crucial for characterizing body types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and characterize a novel Energy Trade-Off Score (ETOS) for describing extreme body types.
  • To identify genetic variants and pathways associated with ETOS using genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized growth data from 1889 subjects (GrowUp1974 Gothenburg study) to assess growth trajectories.
  • Defined four extreme body types based on height and ETOI.
  • Conducted a GWAS using UK BioBank data to identify gene variants associated with height, BMI, and ETOS.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct height and ETOS trajectories with significant changes during infancy and puberty for specific body types.
  • Discovered multiple genomic loci (e.g., FTO, ADCY3, GDF5) and pathways strongly associated with ETOS via GWAS.
  • The most associated pathways included extracellular matrix, signal transduction, chromatin organization, and energy metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • The ETOS is a novel anthropometric trait valuable for body type description.
  • Multiple genomic loci and pathways implicated in energy trade-off mechanisms were discovered.