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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Hess's Law

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Published on: March 10, 2023

Hydrogen Production and Carbon Capture by Gas-Phase Methane Pyrolysis: A Feasibility Study.

Patrick Lott¹, Manas B Mokashi¹, Heinz Müller¹

¹Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.

|November 22, 2022

Summary

High-temperature pyrolysis of methane offers a viable route for producing hydrogen and capturing carbon. Optimizing temperature and residence time maximizes hydrogen yield and minimizes byproducts for industrial applications.

Keywords:

carbon capture decarbonization gas-phase chemistry hydrogen production methane pyrolysis

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Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

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Area of Science:

Chemical Engineering
Materials Science
Energy Production

Background:

High-temperature pyrolysis is a promising technology for hydrogen production and carbon capture.
Utilizing solid carbon byproducts can enhance process economics.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the feasibility of gas-phase methane pyrolysis for hydrogen production and carbon capture.
To investigate the effects of temperature, residence time, and hydrogen addition on methane pyrolysis.

Main Methods:

Operation of an electrically heated high-temperature reactor between 1200 and 1600°C.
Analysis of gas-phase kinetics and reaction flow.
Varying methane conversion, byproduct formation, and hydrogen yields.

Main Results:

Methane pyrolysis achieved high hydrogen yields and carbon capture at industrially relevant conditions.
A temperature of 1400°C resulted in near-complete methane conversion and high hydrogen yield.
Acetylene, ethylene, and benzene were identified as key intermediates in carbon formation.

Conclusions:

Gas-phase methane pyrolysis is a feasible technology for co-producing hydrogen and capturing carbon.
Process parameters like temperature and residence time are critical for optimizing hydrogen yield and minimizing byproducts.
Understanding intermediate products is key to controlling carbon formation in pyrolysis.