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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

54.8K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

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Mid-range visual functions in relation to higher-order visual functions after stroke.

Nils S van den Berg1,2, Nikki A Lammers1,3, Anouk R Smits1,4

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|November 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stroke patients

Keywords:
Two-visual pathway modelVisual functionshigher-order cognitive functionsmid-range visual functionspatchwork modelstroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • The organization of the human visual brain is debated, with models ranging from hierarchical pathways to parallel processing networks.
  • Understanding how mid-range visual functions relate to higher-order cognitive deficits after stroke is crucial for rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether deficits in mid-range visual functions predict higher-order visual cognitive deficits in stroke patients.
  • To determine if findings support a hierarchical, two-pathway model or a "patchwork" model of visual processing.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed 182 ischemic stroke patients using a novel diagnostic setup for mid-range visual functions (color, shape, motion, etc.).
  • Employed logistic regression to analyze the predictive value of mid-range functions for visuoconstruction, emotion recognition, and visual memory deficits.

Main Results:

  • Most mid-range visual functions did not predict higher-order visual cognitive task performance; correlations were weak.
  • Impaired visuoconstruction and memory were modestly linked to poor location perception; impaired emotion perception was linked to poor orientation perception.
  • Observed double dissociations, with selective deficits in either mid-range or higher-order functions.

Conclusions:

  • Findings challenge the hierarchical, two-pathway model of visual processing.
  • Results align better with "patchwork" models suggesting parallel organization and cross-talk in the visual brain.
  • Further research is necessary to validate alternative "patchwork" models.