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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

Imaging CD4 T Cell Interstitial Migration in the Inflamed Dermis

Published on: March 25, 2016

Inflammation durably imprints memory CD4+ T cells.

Sophie L Gray-Gaillard¹, Sabrina Solis¹, Han M Chen¹

¹Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|November 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Initial SARS-CoV-2 infection versus mRNA vaccination primes distinct CD4+ T cell memory. Infection-induced memory exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity and interferon signaling, while vaccine-induced memory shows proliferative enrichment, with lasting transcriptional and epigenetic differences.

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Transduction and Expansion of Primary T Cells in Nine Days with Maintenance of Central Memory Phenotype

Transduction and Expansion of Primary T Cells in Nine Days with Maintenance of Central Memory Phenotype

Published on: March 18, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Vaccinology

Background:

Adaptive immune memory is crucial for protection against pathogens but differs between infection and vaccination.
The impact of the inflammatory environment during initial CD4+ T cell priming on long-term memory remains poorly understood.
SARS-CoV-2 infection typically induces higher systemic inflammation than mRNA vaccination.

Approach:

Compared Spike-specific memory CD4+ T cells in individuals after their third SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.
Stratified participants based on initial Spike exposure: prior infection versus mRNA vaccination.
Utilized multimodal single-cell profiling to analyze transcriptional and epigenetic differences.

Key Points:

Identified 755 differentially expressed genes distinguishing infection- and vaccine-primed CD4+ T cells.
Infection-primed cells showed enrichment for cytotoxicity and interferon signaling pathways.
Vaccine-primed cells were enriched for proliferative pathways.
Infection-primed memory cells displayed distinct epigenetic landscapes with IRF transcription factor enrichment.
These transcriptional and epigenetic imprints persisted despite subsequent vaccination or infection.

Conclusions:

The inflammatory context at priming durably shapes CD4+ T cell memory.
Initial infection establishes a distinct memory phenotype compared to mRNA vaccination.
Findings have implications for personalizing vaccination strategies based on prior infection history.