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Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure

Published on: June 5, 2020

Genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials.

Robert Landsiedel^1,2, Naveed Honarvar¹, Svenja Berit Seiffert³

¹Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology

|November 23, 2022

Summary

Genotoxicity testing for nanomaterials is difficult due to their unique properties. This review evaluates current methods, recommending specific assays for DNA and chromosome damage, and highlights future research needs for reliable nanotoxicity assessment.

Keywords:

DNA damage genotoxicity mutagenicity nanomaterials particles test methods

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Last Updated: Aug 20, 2025

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Area of Science:

Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine

Background:

Nanomaterials offer unique properties but pose potential health risks.
Traditional genotoxicity tests are often unsuitable for nanomaterials without modification.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically review existing genotoxicity assays for nanomaterial assessment.
To identify challenges and propose strategies for adapting these tests.

Main Methods:

Examination of DNA damage assays (e.g., comet assay).
Evaluation of gene mutation assays (e.g., mouse lymphoma assay, hprt assay).
Assessment of chromosome mutation assays (e.g., micronucleus test, chromosome aberration test).

Main Results:

The micronucleus test is preferred over the chromosome aberration test for chromosome mutations.
Mammalian cell gene mutation tests are more useful than the Ames test for nanomaterials.
Significant challenges remain in test validation and strategy development.

Conclusions:

Adaptation of genotoxicity tests is crucial for nanomaterial safety evaluation.
Further research is needed on reference materials, test concentrations, and system applicability.
Defining standardized testing strategies is essential for regulatory purposes.