Deep Learning-based Non-rigid Image Registration for High-dose Rate Brachytherapy in Inter-fraction Cervical Cancer

In this study, an inter-fraction organ deformation simulation framework for the locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC), which considers the anatomical flexibility, rigidity, and motion within an image deformation, was proposed. Data included 57 CT scans (7202 2D slices) of patients with LACC randomly divided into the train (n = 42) and test (n = 15) datasets. In addition to CT images and the corresponding RT structure (bladder, cervix, and rectum), the bone was segmented, and the coaches were eliminated. The correlated stochastic field was simulated using the same size as the target image (used for deformation) to produce the general random deformation. The deformation field was optimized to have a maximum amplitude in the rectum region, a moderate amplitude in the bladder region, and an amplitude as minimum as possible within bony structures. The DIRNet is a convolutional neural network that consists of convolutional regressors, spatial transformation, as well as resampling blocks. It was implemented by different parameters. Mean Dice indices of 0.89 ± 0.02, 0.96 ± 0.01, and 0.93 ± 0.02 were obtained for the cervix, bladder, and rectum (defined as at-risk organs), respectively. Furthermore, a mean average symmetric surface distance of 1.61 ± 0.46 mm for the cervix, 1.17 ± 0.15 mm for the bladder, and 1.06 ± 0.42 mm for the rectum were achieved. In addition, a mean Jaccard of 0.86 ± 0.04 for the cervix, 0.93 ± 0.01 for the bladder, and 0.88 ± 0.04 for the rectum were observed on the test dataset (15 subjects). Deep learning-based non-rigid image registration is, therefore, proposed for the high-dose-rate brachytherapy in inter-fraction cervical cancer since it outperformed conventional algorithms.