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Summary

This study introduces a novel 64-channel neural analog-to-digital converter (ADC) designed for non-invasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) using temporally interfering stimulation (TIS). The device effectively handles stimulation artifacts, enabling clear recordings from deep brain structures.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) traditionally uses invasive electrodes.
Temporally interfering stimulation (TIS) offers a non-invasive alternative for deep brain neuromodulation.
TIS generates artifacts that challenge conventional neural recording systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a low-power, bidirectional 64-channel CMOS neural analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
To design an ADC immune to artifacts from TIS and conventional stimulation techniques.
To enable artifact-free neural recordings for non-invasive DBS.

Main Methods:

Developed a DC-coupled chopped analog front-end with delta-spectrum shaping.
Implemented artifact detection using input signal difference, exponential tracking, and boosted-rate sampling.
Achieved artifact recovery within 100 μs and optimized for noise and power efficiency.

Main Results:

The neural-ADC demonstrates immunity to TIS and biphasic stimulation artifacts.
Maintained input impedance >250 MΩ for non-invasive scalp electrode interfacing.
Achieved noise and power efficiency factors of 2.98 and 10.6, respectively.
Successfully recorded local field potentials in vivo from anesthetized mice.

Conclusions:

The presented neural-ADC architecture is uniquely capable of resolving local field potentials during non-invasive TIS.
This technology advances the feasibility of non-invasive DBS by overcoming critical recording challenges.
The low-power, artifact-immune design is suitable for future neuromodulation and brain-computer interfaces.