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Related Concept Videos

Sampling Plans01:23

Sampling Plans

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Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...
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Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

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Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
343
Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response01:29

Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response

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Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical situations like flooding and earthquakes. By integrating spatial and demographic data, GIS provides a comprehensive framework for emergency response.GIS integrates data layers, like rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels, to model high-risk flood zones. These layers assess areas susceptible to flooding based on their...
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Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
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Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device01:30

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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Sampling Methods: Overview01:06

Sampling Methods: Overview

448
A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling. 
In analytical chemistry, the choice of...
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Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
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Evaluating Manual Sampling Locations for Regulatory and Emergency Response.

Terranna Haxton1, Katherine A Klise2, Daniel Laky3

  • 1Environmental Engineer, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268.

Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
|November 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing manual sampling locations in drinking water systems can improve emergency response effectiveness. Even regulatory sampling sites offer value during emergencies, though dedicated optimization yields better results.

Keywords:
Drinking water distribution system modelingGrab samplingOptimizationSample site selectionWNTR

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Water Resource Management
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Manual or grab sampling is standard for monitoring drinking water quality and verifying response actions.
  • The effectiveness of existing regulatory sampling locations for emergency response scenarios is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the effectiveness of regulatory sampling locations for emergency response in drinking water systems.
  • To optimize manual sampling locations to maximize nodal coverage and assess their performance in emergency response.

Main Methods:

  • An optimization formulation based on existing literature was employed to identify optimal manual sampling locations.
  • The study evaluated the performance of sampling locations optimized for emergency response against regulatory scenarios.
  • Secondary constraints for geographical and water age diversity were incorporated into the formulation.

Main Results:

  • Sampling locations, even those not designed for specific incidents, can be effective in confirming issues.
  • Using sampling locations optimized for emergency response reduced performance by 3%-4% when evaluated against regulatory scenarios.
  • Employing optimized regulatory sampling locations for emergency response scenarios reduced performance by 7%-10%.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory sampling locations provide demonstrable value in responding to emergencies within drinking water networks.
  • Optimizing sampling locations can enhance system-wide coverage and improve emergency response capabilities.
  • Balancing optimization goals with diversity constraints minimally impacts overall performance.