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Related Concept Videos

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

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This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.4K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.4K
Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.2K
The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
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Updated: Aug 20, 2025

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
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Size Effects in Gas-phase C-H Activation.

Bowei Yuan1,2, Shi-Ya Tang3, Shaodong Zhou1,2

  • 1College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, P. R. China.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|November 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The size of metal oxide clusters significantly impacts hydrocarbon oxidation and methane activation. Understanding these size effects is crucial for controlling reactivity and selectivity in chemical reactions.

Keywords:
C−H activationgas-phase reactionsmetal-oxide clusterssize effects

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • C-H activation is a fundamental challenge in chemistry.
  • Cluster size is a critical factor influencing chemical reactivity and selectivity.
  • Metal oxides are key catalysts in oxidation and activation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the size effect in hydrocarbon oxidation by early and main group metal oxides.
  • To examine methane activation mediated by late transition metals.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which cluster size regulates reactivity and product distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of gas-phase cluster reaction studies.
  • Analysis of mass-spectrometry experimental data.
  • Integration with quantum chemical calculations for mechanistic insights.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the significant role of cluster size in C-H activation.
  • Highlighted how size influences both the rate and the specific products of hydrocarbon oxidation.
  • Provided mechanistic explanations for size-dependent reactivity and selectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Cluster size is a powerful regulator of reactivity and selectivity in metal-mediated C-H activation.
  • Gas-phase cluster reactions offer fundamental insights into catalytic processes.
  • Combined experimental and computational approaches are vital for understanding these complex systems.