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Related Concept Videos

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Bias01:22

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 20, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Does Religious Priming Induce Greater Prejudice? A Meta-Analytic Review.

Annetta Snell1, Miron Zuckerman1, Bonnie M Le1

  • 1University of Rochester, NY, USA.

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
|November 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This meta-analysis found that activating religious beliefs slightly increases prejudice toward outgroups. The study analyzed 44 experimental studies to examine the causal link between theistic beliefs and negative attitudes.

Keywords:
group processesmeta-analysisprejudicereligious priming

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Psychology of Religion

Background:

  • Investigating the complex relationship between religious beliefs and social prejudice is crucial for understanding intergroup dynamics.
  • Previous research has yielded mixed results on whether religious beliefs causally influence prejudice.

Approach:

  • A meta-analysis of 44 experimental studies (N=11,330) was conducted.
  • Studies employed priming techniques to activate religious beliefs, followed by measures of outgroup negativity (e.g., toward LGBT and Muslim individuals).

Key Points:

  • A statistically significant, albeit small, overall effect size (r = .06) was found.
  • Priming religious beliefs was associated with a modest increase in prejudice.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest a causal link, where activating religious beliefs can lead to greater prejudice.
  • Further research on religious priming mechanisms and moderators is warranted to fully understand this relationship.