Host-Cell Surface Binding Targets in SARS-CoV-2 for Drug Design.

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Cell Biology
• Immunology

Background:

• The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, poses a significant global health challenge.
• Viral entry into host cells is initiated by the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and host cell receptors.
• Identifying these receptors is crucial for understanding viral pathogenesis and developing targeted therapeutics.

Approach:

• This literature review systematically summarizes current research on potential host cell receptors for SARS-CoV-2.
• The review focuses on five identified receptors: ACE2, NRP-1, DPP4, GRP78, and CD147.
• Analysis includes the role of each receptor in viral entry and infection enhancement.

Key Points:

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary SARS-CoV-2 receptor, though its expression levels in the respiratory system suggest the involvement of other receptors.
• Cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) has been identified as a novel and alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2.
• Neuropilin 1 (NRP-1) acts as an entry factor, enhancing SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro.
• Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a potential binding target for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
• Glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP78) functions as a secondary receptor, with higher expression in respiratory tissues compared to ACE2.

Conclusions:

• Multiple host cell receptors, beyond ACE2, play significant roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• Targeting these diverse SARS-CoV-2 receptors presents promising therapeutic strategies.
• Further research into the specific functions and interactions of these receptors is warranted for effective COVID-19 treatment.