Recent Advances in Raman Spectral Imaging in Cell Diagnosis and Gene Expression Prediction

Normal and tumor regions within cancer tissue can be distinguished using various methods, such as histological analysis, tumor marker testing, X-ray imaging, or magnetic resonance imaging. Recently, new discrimination methods utilizing the Raman spectra of tissues have been developed and put into practical use. Because Raman spectral microscopy is a non-destructive and non-labeling method, it is potentially compatible for use in the operating room. In this review, we focus on the basics of Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging in live cells and cell type discrimination, as these form the bases for current Raman scattering-based cancer diagnosis. We also review recent attempts to estimate the gene expression profile from the Raman spectrum of living cells using simple machine learning. Considering recent advances in machine learning techniques, we speculate that cancer type discrimination using Raman spectroscopy will be possible in the near future.